What are THE PROBLEM occurred in Type 1, Type 2 and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus???

 1) Hypoglycaemia

Hypoglycaemia occurs if blood glucose levels fall below normal which is below 70 mg/dL or 3.9mmol/L.

Insufficient intake of food and excess exercise or alcohol intake may cause hypoglycaemia. Hypoglycaemia may be mild, moderate and severe. Usually the condition is manageable. But, occasionally, it can be severe or even life threatening. Particularly if the patient fails to recognize the symptoms, especially while continuing to take insulin or other hypoglycaemic drugs. Severe hypoglycaemia occurs most often in people with type 1 diabetes who must take insulin for survival.

Hypoglycaemia has been associated with reduced cognitive functioning and can, rarely, be a cause of death. Co-morbidities such as coeliac disease (An autoimmune disease characterized by a permanent intolerance of gluten) and Addison’s disease (A disorder of inability of endocrine gland to produce enough hormones) can increase the risk of hypoglycaemia.

2) Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

It can happen in all types of diabetes mellitus however it is commonly seen in T1DM patient. DKA occurs when the blood glucose is too high (blood glucose > 11 mmol/L), associated with the absence of insulin. This problem affects the regulation of two hormones. 

When there is lack of insulin in the body, it will increase the glucagon hormone secretion by the liver lead to the glucose formation results from glycogen. Thus, the glucose level increases in the blood and inhibit the glucose uptake by the liver and muscle cell as energy. When cells don't get the glucose they need for energy, the body begins to burn fat for energy, which produces ketones.

What is ketone?

      DKA can be diagnosed by blood and urine tests.

The symptoms of DKA

• Deep, rapid breathing
• Dry skin and mouth
• Flushed face
• Fruity breath odour
• Nausea or vomiting, inability to keep down fluids
• Stomach pain